Alley Experiments

Blank A. A. (1958) Analysis of Experiments in Binocular Space Perception. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 48 911-925.

Blumenfeld W. (1913) Untersuchungen UÜber die Scheinbare Grösse im Sehraume". Z. Psychol., 65 241-404.

Graham C. H. (1965) Visual Space Perception. in C. H. Graham (Ed.) Vision and Visual Perception, New York, John Wiley 504-547.

Hillebrand F. (1902) Theorie der Scheinbaren Grösse bei Binocularem Sehen". Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien (Math. Nat. Kl.), 72 255-307.

Indow T. (1991) A Critical Review of Luneberg's Model with Regard to Global Structure of Visual Space. Psychological Review 98, 430-453.

Luneburg R. K. 1950 "The Metric of Binocular Visual Space". J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 40 627-642.

Analogical Computation

Braitenberg (1984) Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Durbin R. & Willshaw D. (1987) An Analogue Approach to the Travelling Salesman Problem Using an Elastic Net Method. Nature 326, 689-691.

Feifer S. (1961) Analog Computation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4 volumes!

Excellent reference text in four large volumes.

Kaas M., Witkin A., & Terzopoulos D. (1988)_ SNAKES: Active Contour Model. Intern. J. Comput. Vision 1 (4), 321-322.

Nyce J. M. & Kahn P. (1991) From Memex to Hypertext: Vannevar Bush and the Mind's Machine. Boston: Academic Press.

Olson H. F. (1943) Dynamical Analogies. Princeton NJ. D. Van Nostrand.

Olson H. F. (1958) Solutions of Engineering Problems by Dynamical Analogies. Princeton NJ. D. Van Nostrand.

Barlow H., Blakemore C., & Pettigrew J. 1967 "The Neural Mechanism of Binocular Depth Discrimination". Journal of Physiology 193 327-342.

Charnwood J. R. B. (1951) "Essay on Binocular Vision". London, Halton Press.

Marr D. & Poggio T. (1976) "Cooperative Computation of Stereo Disparity". Science 194 283-287.

Art, Music, Mind, & Mathematics

Edwards B. (1979/1989) Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain: A course in enhancing creativity and artistic confidence. New York NY: Jeremy P. Tarcher / Putnam.

Edwards makes a compelling case for the hypothesis that good drawing is not so much a skill acquired through intensive practice, but is a matter of seeing the visual world as it appears, and ignoring our cognitive interpretation of that world. In other words learning to draw requires the ability to shut of the dominant "left brain" interpretation of the world, to allow the "right brain" to see the actual patterns of light and shade in the world.

Field J. V. (1997) The Invention of Infinity: Mathematics and Art in the Renaissance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) invented new projective geometry ~1413. No writings or paintings by him have survived, although he is known for painting of baptistry of cathedral in Florence viewed through peephole. Lorenzo Ghiberti (1377-1455) carved "Doors of Paradise". From his writings he was familiar with many earlier texts. Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) first written account of perspective construction "On Painting". Albrecht Dürer wrote perspective treatise for painters.

Garland T. (1995) Math and Music: Harmonious Connections. Palo Alto CA: Dale Seymour Publications.

p. 2: "The rhythm of music is like a heartbeat that connects all beings to one another and to the cycles of the universe."

p. 5: "The interconnectedness of math and music pulsates and sings with a rhythm and harmony of its own."

p. 6: "Rhythm is the basis upon which music is built, just as the concept of number is the basis of mathematics."

p. 68: "The composition of an enduring piece of music can be likened to the design of a classic painting or of a well-coordinated garden. It is not unlike the engineering of a sturdy bridge or of a functional, well-proportioned building. There is an underlying structure in all these cases that is influenced by mathematics."

p. 137: "Music has always been, and always will be a way to express ourselves as part of the pattern that math so aptly describes. Music gives beauty and another dimension to mathematics by giving life and emotion to the numbers and patterns. Each of us dances to our own internal rhythm, but also to the polyrhythm created by the whole band."

Helmholtz H. L. F. (1863, 1954) On The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music. New York, Dover Publications.

Hero B. (1975) Paintings Based on Relative Pitch in Music. Leonardo 8, 13-19.

Hero B. (?) Drawings Based on Laser Lissajous Figures and the Lambdoma Diagram. Leonardo 11, 301-303.

Hero B. (1995) A Brief History of the Lambdoma and the Musical Properties Computer Program for the "Lambdoma Harmonic Keyboard". XENHARMONIKON 16, An Informal Journal of Experimental Music, Autumn 1995, 104-113.

Hertzberger B. & Epstein D. (1988) Beauty and the Brain: Biological Aspects of Aesthetics. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag.

Hollingsworth-Lisanby S., Lockhead G. R. (1991) "Subjective Randomness, Aesthetics, and Structure". In G. R. Lockhead & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds.) The Perception of Structure. Washington DC, American Psychological Association, 97-114.

James J. (1993) The Music of the Spheres: Music, science, and the natural order of the universe. New York: Grove Press.

p. 6: "'The need to produce' is as deadly to pure science as it is to poetry."

p. 10: "every scholar of the history of science or of music can attest to the intimate connection between the two. In the classical view it was not really a connection but an identity."

p. 11: "as music began to serve a variety of social functions ... and ultimately as musical institutions themselves became rich and powerful fixtures in society, the practice of music, like that of science, gradually came to be alienated from the deeper questions posed by the very fact of its existence ."

p. 17: "Music contains in its essence a mystery: everyone agrees that it communicates, but how?"

Leman M. (Ed. 1997) Music, Gestalt, and Computing: Studies in cognitive and systematic musicology. New York: Springer.

Meyer L. B. (1967) Music, the Arts, and Ideas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ramachandran V. S. & Hirstein W. (1999) The Science of Art: A neurological theory of aesthetic experience. Journal of Consciousness Studies 6 (6-7) 15-51.

Storr A. (1992) Music and the Mind. New York: Free Press.

p. 2: "But what use is music? Music can certainly be regarded as a form of communication between people; but what it communicates is not obvious. Music is not usually representational: it does not sharpen our perception of the external world, nor, allowing for some notable exceptions, does it generally immitate it. Nor is music propositional: it does not put forth theories aobut the world or convey information in the same way as does language."

p. 9: "There are many similarities between prosodic communication and music. Infants respond to the rhythm, pitch, intensity, and timbre of the mother's voice, all of which are part of music."

p. 16: "language and music were originally more closely joined ... it makes sense to think of music as deriving from a subjective emotional need for communication with other human beings which is prior to the need for conveying objective information or exchanging ideas.

Zeki S. (1998) Art and the Brain. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 127 (2), 71-104. Reprinted in Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6 (6-7), 76-96.

Brightness Contrast / Brightness Assimilation

Beck J. (1966) Contrast and Assimilation in Lightness Judgements. Perception & Psychophysics 1,342-344.

Festinger L., Coren S., & Rivers G. (1970) Effect of Attention on Brightness Contrast and Assimilation. American Journal of Psychology 83, 189-207.

Hamada J. (1985) Asymmetric Lightness Cancellation in Craik-O'Brien Patterns of Negative and Positive Contrast. Biological Cybernetics 52, 117-122.

Hamada J. (1987) Overall Brightness Decrrease Observed in the Ehrenstein Illusion Induced for Both Contrast Polarities. Perception & Psychophysics 41, 67-72.

Hamada J. (1991) Asymmetries in the Perception of Lightness and Darkness. Trends in Biological Cybernetics 2, 93-105.

Helson H. & Rohles F. G. (1957) A Quantitative Study of Reversal of Classical Lightness Contrast. American Journal of Psychology 72, 530-538.

Helson H. (1963) Studies of Anomalous Contrast and Assimilation. Journal of the Optical Society of America 53 (1), 179-184.

Hurvich L. M. & Jameson D. (1966) The Perception of Brightness and Darkness. Boston MA: Allyn & Bawn.

Kingdom F. & Moulden B. (1991) White's Effect and Assimilation. Vision Research 31, 151-159.

Knill D. & Kersten D. (1991) "Apparent surface curvature affects lightness perception" Nature 351 228-230

Steger J. A. (1968) The Reversal of Simultaneous Contrast. Psychological Bulletin 70, 774-781.

Steger J. A. (1969) Visual Lightness Assimilation and Contrast as a Function of Differential Stimulation. American Journal of Psychology 82, 56-72.

Grimes J. (1996) On the Failure to Detect Changes in Scenes Across Saccades. In K. Atkins (Ed.) Perception (Vancouver Studies in Cognitive Science, Vol. 5) New York: Oxford University Press.

Rensink R. A., O'Regan J. K. & Clark J. J. (1997) To See or Not to See: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science 8, 368-373.

Simons D. J. & Levin D. T. (1997) Change Blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7, 261-267.

Ballard D. H. & Brown C. M. (1982) Computer Vision. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Marr D. (1982) Vision. San Francisco CA: W. H. Freeman.

Boring E. G. (1933) The Physical Dimensions of Consciousness. New York: Century.

The medium or manifold of consciousness is tri-dimensional.

Chalmers, D. J. (1995) Facing Up to the Problems of Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 2 (3) 200-219. Reprinted in "Toward a Science of Consciousness II, The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates". (1996) S. R. Hameroff, A. W. Kaszniak, & A. C. Scott (Eds.) 5-28.

Clark A. (1992) Sensory Qualities. Oxford England: Clarendon.

Crick F. (1994) The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Nagel T. (1974) What Is It Like to Be a Bat? The Philosophical Review, 83, 435-450.

Popper Sir Karl Raimund, & Eccles John C. (1977) The Self And Its Brain. London: Springer International.

Revonsuo A. (1993) Is There a Ghost in the Cognitive Machinery? Philosophical Psychology 6, 387-405.

Revonsuo A. (1993) Cognitive Models of Consciousness. In M. Kamppinen (Ed.) Consciousness, Cognitive Schemata and Relativism. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 27-130.

Revonsuo A. (1994) In Search of the Science of Consciousness. In A. Revonsuo & M. Kamppinen (Eds) Consciousness in Philosophy and Cognitive Neuroscience. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 249-285.

Revonsuo A. (1995) Consciousness, Dreams, and Virtual Realities. Philosophical Psychology 8 (1), 35-58.

Reevonsuo A. (1995) Binding and the Phenomenal Unity of Consciousness. Consciousness & Cognition 8, 173-185.

Russell B. 1927 Physical and Perceptual Space. In B. Russell Philosophy, New York, W. W. Norton 137-143.

Searle J. (1992) The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Gillam B. (1971) A Depth Processing Theory of the Poggendorf Illusion. Perception & Psychophysics 10, 211-216.

Gillam B. (1980) Geometrical Illusions. Scientific American 242 (1) January, 102-111.

Gregory R. L. (1963) Distortion of Visual Space as Inappropriate Constancy Scaling. Nature 199, 678-679.

Rock I, & Brosgole L. (1964) Grouping Based on Phenomenal Proximity Journal of Experimental Psychology 67 531-538.

Rock, I.,Nijhawan, R.,Palmer, S., & Tudor, L. (19 92). Grouping based on phenomenal similarity of achromatic color. Perception, 21(6), 779-89.

"grouping by similarity ... is based on perceived lightness after achievement of constancy, and not on the luminance of the elements." See B2P10.

Dot Grouping

Compton B. J. & Logan G. D. (1993) Evaluating a Computational Model of Perceptual Grouping by Proximity. Perception & Psychophysics 53, 403-421.

Kubovy M. (????) The Perceptual Organization of Dot Lattices. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1 (2) 182-190.

Kubovy M & Wagemans J. (1995) Grouping by Proximity and Multistability in Dot Lattices: A Quantitative Gestalt Theory. Psychological Science 6 (4), 225-234.

Van Oeffelen M. P. & Voss P. G. (1982) Configurational Effects on the Enumeration of Dots. Memory & Cognition 10, 396-404.

Gibson J. J. & Crooks L. E. (1938) A Theoretical Field Analysis of Automobile Driving. American Journal of Psychology 51 (3), 453-471. Reprinted in E. S. Reed & R. K. Jones (Eds.) Reasons for Real;ism: Selected Essays of James J. Gibson. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.

Lewin K. (1931) Die psychologische Situation bei Lohn und Strafe. Leipzig.

Lewin K. (1936/1969) Principles of Topological Psychology. F. Heider & G. M. Heider (Transl.) New York: McGraw-Hill.

Arend L. 1973 "Spatial differential and integral operations in human vision: Implications of stabilized retinal image fading" Psychological Review 80 374-395.

Arrington K. (1994) The Temporal Dynamics of Brightness Filling-In. Vision Research 34 (9) 3371-3387.

Colett (1985) Extrapolating and Interpolating Surfaces in Depth. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 224, 43-56.

Grossberg, Stephen, & Todorovic, Dejan (1988). Neural Dynamics of 1-D and 2-D Brightness Perception: A Unified Model of Classical and Recent Phenomena. Perception and Psychophysics, 43, 241-277.

Land E. H. & McCann J. J. (1971) Lightness and Retinex Theory. JOSA 61, 1,-11.

Land E, 1977 "Retinex theory of color vision" Scientific American 237 108-128

Mather G. (1989) The Role of Subjective Contours in Capture of Stereopsis. Vision Research 29, 143-146.

Mitchison G. J. & McKee S. P. (1987) Interpolation and Detection of Fine Structure in Stereoscopic Matching. Vision Research 27, 295-302.

Mitchison G. J. & McKee S. P. (1987) The Resolution of Ambiguous Stereoscopic Matches by Interpolation. Vision Research 27, 285-294.

Nakayama K., Shimojo S., & Silverman G. (1989) Stereoscopic Depth: Its relation to image segmentation, grouping, and the recognition of occluded objects. Perception 18, 55-68.

"Image regions ... tend to link with other regions similarly bounded such that these regions appear to link behind an occluder." See B2P9.

Paradiso M. & Nakayama K. (1991) Brightness Perception and Filling-In. Vision Research 31 (7/8) 1221-1236.

Pessoa L., Thompson E., & Noe A. (1998) Finding Out About Filling In: A guide to perceptual completion for visual science and the philosophy of perception. Behavioral & Brain Sciences

Ramachandran V. S. (1992) Filling In Gaps in Perception: Part 1. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1 (6), 199-205.

Ramachandran, VS (1993). Filling in gaps in perception: Part II. Scotomas and phantom limbs. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 56-65.

Ramachandran, VS (1993) "Behavioral and Magnetoencephalographic Correlates of Plasticity in the Adult Human Brain". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 10413-10420.

Filling-in of dynamic noise pattern, & various phantom limb phenomena. Very interesting! See B2P76.

Ramachandran V. S. (1994) " Phantom Limbs, Neglect Syndromes, Repressed Memories, and Freudian Psychology". International Review of Neurobiology 37 291-333.

Takeichi H., Watanabe I., & Shimojo S. (1992) Illusory Occluding Contours and Surface Formation by Depth Propagation. Perception 21, 177-184.

depth filling-in. Not by interpolation, but outward propagation. See B2P19

Tse P. U. (1999a) Illusory Volumes from Conformation. Perception (in press).

Tse P. U. (1999b) Volume Completion. Cognitive Psychology (submitted)

Watanabe T. & Cavanagh P. (1992) Depth Capture and Transparency of Region Bounded by Illusory and Chromatic Contours. Vision Research 32 (3), 527-532.

Depth capture effect. See B2P20.

Campbell F. W. & Robson J. G. (1968) Application of Fourier Analysis to the Visibility of Gratings. Journal of Physiology 197, 551-566.

De Valois K. K., De Valois R. L. & Yund W. W. (1979) Responses of Striate Cortex Cells to Grating and Checkerboard Patterns. J. of Physiology 291, 483-505.

De Valois R. L., De Valois K. K. (1988) Spatial Vision. (Oxford Psychology Series No 14) New York: Oxford University Press.

Glezer V. D., Ivanoff V. A., & Tscherbach T. (1973) Investigation of Complex and Hypercomplex Receptive Fields of Visual Cortex of the Cat as Spatial Frequency Filters. Vision Research 13, 1875-1904.

Explicit proposal that primary visual cortex computes the Fourier amplitude spectrum.

Hsu Y.-N. & Arsenault H. H. (1982) Optical Pattern Recognition using Circular Harmonic Expansion. Applied Optics 21, 4016-4019.

Radial & Angular periodicity.

Kelley D. H. & Magnuski H. S. (1975) Pattern Detection and the Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform: Circular Tartets. Vision Research 15, 911-915.

Pollen D. A., Andrews B. W., & Feldon S. E. (1979) Spatial Frequency Selectivity of Periodic Complex Cells in the Visual Cortex of the Cat. Vision Research 18, 665-682.

Robson J. G. (1975) Receptive Fields: Neural Reoresentation of the Spatial and Intensive Attributes of the Visual Image. In: E. C. Carterette & M. P. Freidman (Eds.) Handbook of Perception V: Seeing, New York: Academic Press, 81-116.

Explicit proposal that primary visual cortex computes the Fourier amplitude spectrum.

Form & Brightness

Adelson E. H. (1993) Perceptual Organization and the Judgement of Brightness. Science 262, 2042-2044.

Adelson E. & Pentland A. P. 1996 The Perception of Shading and Reflectance. In D. Knill & W. Richards (Eds.) Perception as Baysian Inference. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Arend L. E., Buehler J. N., & Lockhead G. R. (1971) Difference Information in Brightness Perception. Perception & Psychophysics 9, 367-370.

Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet illusion with two grey squares either side of the cusp, induces brightness contrast against illusory background surface brightness.

Brookes A. & Stevens K. (1989) The analogy between stereo depth and brightness. Perception 18 601-614.

Gilchrist, A. L. (1977). Perceived lightness depends on perceived spatial arrangement. Science, 195, 185--187.

Black and white tabs viewed against bright & dark backgrounds in monocular and binocular presentation. See B2P14.

Gilchrist A, (1979) "The Perception of Surface Blacks and Whites. Scientific American 240, 112-124.

Gilchrist, A., Delman, S., and Jacobsen, A. (1983). The classification and integration of edges as critical to the perception of reflectance and illumination. Perception and Psychophysics,33 (5), 425-436.

"It is useful to think of the retinal image as ... two subimages, one representing ... illumination and one representing ... surface color." "any successful theory of lightness perception will have to include reference to the perception of illumination." "As far as perceived reflectance is concerned, an edge that is classified as an illumination edge is almost as irrelevant as a stabilized edge." See B2P14.

Knill, D. C. & Kersten, D. (1991) Apparent surface curvature affects lightness perception. Nature, 351, 228-230.

Stevens, KA & Brookes, A. (1988) Integrating Stereopsis with Monocular Interpretations of Planar Surfaces. Vision Research 28, 371-386.

"Monocular configurations often dominate the ... three-dimensional interpretation over stereopsis, even in the near range where stereopsis is most accurate."

"Observers tend to interpret monocular images of oblique intersections as right-angle intersections in three-dimensions." (orthogonal preference) See B2P4

Sinha P. & Adelson E. (1993) Recovering Reflectance and Illumination in a World of Painted Polyhedra. Proceedings Fourth International Conference on Computer Vision, Berlin. 156-163.

Takeichi, H., Watanabe, T. & Shimojo, S. (1992). Illusory occluding contours and surface formation by depth propagation. Perception, 21, 177-184.

Gap Junctions

Dermietzel R. & Spray D. C. (1993) Gap Junctions in the Brain: Where, what type, how many, and why? TINS 16 (5) 186-191.

"Between neurons, chemical transmission has generally been considered to be the major mechanism by which cells interact. Between glial cells, gap junctions are common ... However these mechanisms are not exclusive; gap junctions have been found between at least some populations of neurons, and chemical responsiveness is increasingly appreciated in glia. ... These channels ... im mammals are found in virtually every cell type except mature skeletal muscle, spermatozoa, and erythrocytes. ... The degree of coupling is not a static phenomenon, but subject to high plasticity regulated either by developmental or functional factors, including neurotransmitter effects. ... It is now apparent that electrical transmission, which was formerly viewed as uniform and not able to be manipulated and mostly restricted to fast reflex propagation ... exhibits plasticity as complex as that found in chemical neurotransmission. ... Gap junctions between neurons remain poorly characterized, in part because few model systems exist for their controlled examination. Electrotonic connections are common among invertibrate neurons and are increasingly appreciated within neuronal pools in the vertibrate brain."

Peinado A., Yuste R., & Katz L. C. (1993) Gap Junctional Communication and the Development of Local Circuits in Neocortex. Cerebral Cortex 3, 488-498.

Cowan J. D. (1985) What Do Drug-Induced Hallucinations Tell Us About the Brain? In: Synaptic Modification, neuron selectivity, and nervous system organization. W. B. Levy, J. A. Anderson, & S. Lehmkuhle (Eds.), New Jersey: Erlbaum Associates.

Ermentrout G. B., & Cowan J. D. (1979) "A Mathematical Theory of Visual Hallucination Patterns". Biol. Cybernetics, 34, 137-150.

Hinton J. M. (1973) Experiences: An inquiry into some ambiguities. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Huxley A. (1963) The Doors of Perception. New York: Harper & Row.

Klüver H. (1967) Mescal and the Mechanisms of Hallucination. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Classified "form constants" - universal characteristics of the first stage of drug-induced imagery: grating, filigree, spiral, tunnel, funnel, cobweb.

Leuner, H. C,. (1963?) The Interpretation of Visual Hallucinations. Basel NY: S. Karger.

Lewis-Williams J. D. & Dowson T. A. (1988) The Signs of All Times: Entopic Phenomena in Upper Paleolithic Art. Current Anthropology 29 (2), 201-245.

Masters R. E. & Houston J. (1966) The Varieties of Psychedelic Experience. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Merkur D. (1998) The Ecstatic Imagination: Psychedelic Experiences and the Psychoanalysis of Self-Actualization. Albany NY: State University of New York Press.

Rudgley R. (1994) Essential Substances: A cultural history of intoxicants in society. New York: Kodansha International. Originally The Alchemy of Culture (1993), British Museum Press.

Siegel R. (1976) Hallucination. In: The Mind's Eye: Readings from Scientific American, New York: W. H. Freeman & Co. 109-116.

Siegel R. K. (1963) Intoxication: Life in Pursuit of Artificial Paradise. New York: Dutton.

Siegel R. K. & West L. J. (1975) Hallucinations: Behavior, experience, and theory. New York: Wiley.

A beautiful pianist hears her music drowned out by the voce of God...a pool shark is desperate to discover the trigger for his horrifying LSD flashbacks...a shy schoolboy turns to his invisible best friend to wreak bloody vengeance. This remarkable book shows how even the sober brain can create the sights and sounds of artificial heavenss and hells, inventing gods and demons, living playmates and dead friends, even UFO's - all astonishingly vivid yet entirely illusory. With wit and compassion, and through psychological detective work, Ronald K. Siegel reveals the topography of the hallucinatory world through seventeen riveting case histories. These stories reveal the commonalities of the hallucinating brain, whether our hallucinations are induced by drugs, dreams, trauma, or the delirium of illness. A masterfully orchestrated blend of scientific fact and bizarre yet compelling anecdotes, this spell-binding study explores the fascinating natural workings - as well as the dark side - of the human mind.

Tart C. T. (Ed. 1969) Altered States of Consciousness. New York: John Wiley.

Pietch P. (1981) Shufflebrain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Pribram K. H. (1971) Languages of the Brain: Experimental Paradoxes and Principles in Neurophysiology. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.

Pribram K. (1976) Problems Concerning the Structure of Consciousness. In G. Globus (Ed.) Consciousness and the Brain: A scientific and philosophical inquiry. New York: Plenum Press.

Pribram K. H. (1977) Some Comments on the Nature of the Perceived Universe. In: Perceiving, Acting, and Knowing. R. Shaw & J. Bransford (Eds.) Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 83-101.

Pribram K. (1982) Localization and the Distribution of Function in the Brain. In: J. Orbach (Ed.) Neuropsychology After Lashley. New York: Erlbaum, 273-296.

Pribram K. (1986) The Cognitive Revolution and Mind / Brain Issues. American Psychologist 41 (5) 507-520.

Pribram K. (1991) Brain and Perception. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.

Pribram K. H., Nuwer M., & Baron R. (1974) The Holographic Hypothesis of Memory Structure in Brain Function and Perception. In: R. C. Atkinson, D. H. Krantz, R. C. Luce, & P. Suppes: Contemporary Developments in Mathematical Psychology. San Francisco CA: W. H. Freeman, 416-467.

Psaltis D. & Mok F. (1995) Holographic Memories. Scientific American (Nov) 273(5) 70-76.

Wilber K. (Ed. 1982) The Holographic Paradigm and Other Paradoxes: Exploring the leading edge of science. Boulder CO: Shambhala.

Attneave F. (1955) Symmetry, Information, and Memory for Patterns. American Journal of Psychology 68: 209-222.

"Hochberg & McAlister and I independently arrived at the view that 'figural goodness' and related Gestalt concepts might be reformulated in informational terms."

Attneave F. (1959) Applications of Information Theory to Psychology: A summary of basic concepts, methods, and results. New York: Holt.

Garner W. R. (1974) The Processing of Information and Structure. Potomac MD: Erlbaum.

Hochberg J. E. & McAlister E. (1953) A Quantitative Approach to Figural "Goodness". J. Exp. Psychol. 46, 361-364.

John E. R. (1990) Representation of Information in the Brain. In: E. R. John (Ed.) Machinery of the Mind. Boston MA: Birkhauser, 27-56.

Lockhead G. R. & Pomerantz J. R. (Eds. 1991) The Perception of Structure: Essays in honor of Wendell R. Garner. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Shannon C. E. (1948) A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell Systems Technical Journal 27: 379-423.

Shannon C. E. & Weaver W. (1949) The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana ILL: University of Illinois Press.

Titchener E. B. (1890/1928) A Text Book of Psychology. New York: MacMillan.

Structuralism- perceptual experience is structured or synthesized from sensations.

Titchener E. B. (1898) The Postulates of a Structural Psychology. Philosophical Review, 7, 449-465.

Wundt W. M. (1897) Outlines of Psychology. Charles Hubbard Judd (Transl.) Leipzig: W. Engleman. New York: G. E. Stechert.

Wundt W. (1873-74) Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie. (2 volumes) Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.

Find 'atoms" of conscious experience, find how atoms combine to create conscious experience.

Wundt W. (1904) Principles of Physiological Psychology. E. B. Titchener (Transl.) London: Swan Sonnenschein.

Boring E. G. (1963) The Physical Dimensions of Consciousness. Dover.

Henle M. (1984) Isomorphism: Setting the record straight. Psychological Research 46, 317-327.

Köhler W. & Held R. (1949) The Cortical Correlate of Pattern Vision. Science 110: 414-419.

Lehar S. (1999) Gestalt Isomorphism and the Quantification of Spatial Perception. Gestalt Theory 21 (2) 122-139.

Mach E. (1865) Über die Wirkung der räumlichen Verteilung des Lichterizes auf die Netzhaut, I. Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch - naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften 52: 303-322. Reprinted in F. Ratliff (1965) Mach Bands: Quantitative Studies on Neural Networks in the Retina. San Francisco CA: Holden-Day.

States Mach's Principle of Equivalence.

Müller G. E. (1896) Zur Psychophysik der Gesichtsempfindungen. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 10.

Müller's Psychophysical Postulate

Pinker S. A. (1979) The Representation of Three-Dimensional Space in Mental Images. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University.

Pinker S. A. (1980) Mental Imagery and the Third Dimension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 354-371.

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Shepard R. N. & Chipman S. (1970) Second-Order Isomorphism of Internal Representations: Shapes of States. Cognitive Psychology 1, 1-17.

Lehar S. & Worth A. (1991) "Multi-resonant boundary contour system" Boston University, Center for Adaptive Systems technical report CAS/CNS-TR-91-017

Lehar S. (1994) Directed Diffusion and Orientational Harmonics: Neural Network Models of Long-Range Boundary Completion through Short-Range Interactions. Ph.D. Thesis, Boston University .

Lehar S. & McLoughlin N. (1998) "Gestalt Isomorphism I: Emergence and Feedback in the Perception of Lightness, Brightness, and Illuminance. Perception (rejected) .

Lehar S. & McLoughlin N. (1998) "Gestalt Isomorphism II:The Interaction Between Brightness Perception and Three-Dimensional Form. Perception (rejected) .

Medial Axis Perception

Blum H. (1973) Biological Shape and Visual Science (Pt. 1). Journal of Theoretical Biology 38, 205-287.

Point & stick geometry- stick figures.

Hollingsworth-Lisanby S. & Lockhead G. R. (1991) Subjective Randomness, Aesthetics, and Structure. In G. Lockhead & J. Pomerantz (Eds.) The Perception of Structure. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Subjective randomness different from stochastic randomness. When placing a dot "randomly" within a square, subjects prefer locations near the center and along the diagonals.

Kovács I., Féhér Á., & Julesz B. (1997) Medial-Point Description of Shape: A representation for action coding and its psychophysical correlates. Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, TR-33.

Psotka J. (1978) Perceptual Processes That May Create Stick Figures and Balance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance 4, 101-111.

Task: place a dot on a figure "in the first place that comes to mind". Result: responses found along symmetry axes, as described by Blum (1973). Grassfire metaphor- ignite the perimeter and mark the lines along which the flame fronts meet.

"Aesthetics have ... been associated with randomness or chance by both artists and viewers. Many artists have spoken of a tension between order and chaos ... Others have spoken of producing chaos to offset order."

Mental Imagery, Visualization

Bisiach E., Capitani E., Luzzatti C., & Perani D. (1981) Brain and Conscious Representation of Outside Reality. Neuropsychologia 19, 543-552.

Bisiach E., & Luzzatti C. (1978) Unilateral Neglect of Representational Space. Cortex 14, 129-133.

Allport F. H. (1955) Theories of Perception and the Concept of Structure. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

p. 33: "Although for many psychologists Gestalt theory has 'changed the face' of the whole science, and although it has brought to the attention of all a vast array of new facts and principles, one does not usually realize that it is not so much a finished theory as a broad way of looking at the facts of perception and behavior. It is a systematic orientation to psychology having a strong philosophical note and a set of apt and coherent formulations, rather than a basic explanation established by reference to a rigorously tested and proven model. Vigorous attempts at such explanation in terms of neurophysiology have been in the making, but their fulfillment lies in the future. The heuristic value of the Gestalt doctrine as a way of looking at psychological phenomena, however, is so great that it has won a large number of adherents upon that basis alone. If one is willing to waive certain criteria, it is possible to conceive an astonishing number of psychological facts in terms of dynamic configurations, field forces, and wholes that teem more than the sum of their parts."

p. 113: When one perceives an object that object tends, psychologically, to take on form; and forms establish themselves and persist, independently of the stimulus, as a property of the perceiving organism.

Barlow H. (1971) Single Units and Sensation: A neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology. Perception 1: 371-394.

Barlow H. (1985) The Role of Single Neurons in the Psychology of Perception. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (The twelfth Bartlett memorial lecture) A37: 121-145.

Bohm D. (1981,1995) Wholeness and the Implicate Order. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Bohm D. (1982) The Enfolding-Unfolding Universe. In K. Wilber(Ed.) The Holographic Paradigm and Other Paradoxes: Exploring the leading edge of science. Boulder CO: Shambhala.

Bonhöffer T. & Grinvald A. (1991) Iso-Orientation Domains in Cat Visual Cortex are Arranged in Pinwheel-Like Patterns. Nature 353, 429-431.

Bonhöffer T. & Grinvald A. (1993) The Layout of Iso-Orientation Domain in Cat Area 18: Optical Imaging Reveals Pinwheel-Like Architecture. Journal of Neuroscience 13, 4157-4180.

Farah, Martha J. (1990) Visual Agnosia. MIT Press, Cambridge MA.

Fohlmeister C., Gerstner W., Ritz R., & Van Hemmel J. (1995) Spontaneous Excitations in the Visual Cortex: Stripes, Spirals, Rings, and Collective Bursts. Neural Computation 7 (5).

Geldard F. A. & Sherrick C. E. 1972 "The Cutaneous Rabbit: A Perceptual Illusion". Science 178 178-179.

Globus G. (1973) Unexpected Symmetries in the World Knot. Science 180.

Recommended by Marroquin.

Harnad S. (1990) The Symbol Grounding Problem. Physica D. 42: 335-346.

Helmholtz H. Von (1866 / 1962) Tretise on Physiological Optics. New York: Dover.

Jung C. G. (1958) Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. New York: Bollingen Foundation Inc.

Kujala T., Huotilai M., Sinkkone J., & Ahonen A. J. (1995) Visual Cortex Activation in Blind Humans During Sound Discrimination. Neuroscience L. 183 (1-2), 143-146.

Lashley K. S. (1950) In Search of the Engram. Society of Experimental Biology, Symposium No. 4: Psychological Mechanisms in Animal Behavior. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 454-455.

Mach E. (1959) The Analysis of Sensations, and the Relation of the Physical to the Psychical. C. M. Williams (Transl.), New York: Dover.

p. 208-211: Stand a folded card on a table, with light coming from one side, view monocularly. "As soon as we succeed in seeing the bent edge depressed instead of raised, the light and shade stand out as if painted thereon. ... plainly, the eye must acquire the habit of varying the fall in the sensation of depth concomitantly with the change in brightness of the surface elements that it sees. ... Accordingly, things are so arranged that, without any aid of the judgement, a fixed habit of the eye is developed, by means of which illumination and depth are connected in a definite way."

McCloud S. (1993) Understanding Comics: The invisible art. Northampton MA: Kitchen Sink Press.

McGurk H. & MacDonald J. 1976 "Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices". Nature 264 746-748

Miller G. A. (1956) The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two. Psychological Review 63, 81-97.

Norman D. A. (1992) Turn Signals are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles. Reading MA: Addison-Wesleh.

Perkins D. N. (1972) Visual Discrimination Between Rectangular and Nonrectangular Parallelopipeds. Perception & Psychophysics 12, 396-400.

"There is a great deal of psychophysical evidence that humans assume orthogonality in line drawings of both familiar and unfamiliar objects."

Ramachandran V. S. & Anstis S. M. 1986 "The Perception of Apparent Motion". Scientific American 254 80-87.

Robertson L., Treisman A., Friedman-Hill S., & Grabowecky M. (1997) The Interaction of Spatial and Object Pathways: Evidence from Balint's Syndrome. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9 (3) 295-317.

"Dorsal Simultanagnosia" or "Balint's Syndrome" patients can see single objects as coherent and meaningful bundles of features, but cannot point to the object or describe where it is located in space. Subjective experienced space seems to collapse down to the place within which the currently attended object.

Rosenberg G. H. (1999) On the Intrinsic Nature of the Physical. In: S. R. Hameroff, A. W. Kaszniak, & A. C. Scott (Eds.) Toward a Science of Consciousness III the Third Tucson Discussions and Debates, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, pp 33-47.

Sacks, O. (1985) The Man Who Mistook His Wife For a Hat. New York, Harper & Row. p. 77-79

Schillinger J. (1948) The Mathematical Basis of the Arts. New York: Philosophical Library.

Schneider A. (1997) "Verschmeltzung", Tonal Fusion and Consonance: Carl Stumpf Revisited. In M. Leman (Ed.Music, Gestalt, and Computing: Studies in cognitive and systematic musicology.

Active cochlear sound, known as "Kemp's Echo"

Searle J. R. (1997) The Mystery of Consciousness. New York: New York Review.

p. 198: The "dirty secret of contemporary neuroscience": we have no idea what the correct level of analysis is, because there is no universally accepted theory of how the brain codes information.

Selfridge O. G. (1959) Pandemonium: A Paradigm for Learning. In D. V. Blake & A. M. Uttley (Eds.) Proceedings of the Symposium on Mechanization of Thought Processes. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 511-529.

Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott (1937, 1941) Man On His Nature. The Gifford Lectures. Edionburgh, MacMillan.

Todd J, Reichel F, 1989 "Ordinal structure in the visual perception and cognition of smoothly curved surfaces" Psychological Review 96 643-657

Werner (1930) Das Problem der Empfindens und die Methoden seiner experimentallen Prüfung. Zsch. f. Psychol., 114, 152-166.

Suggested that synesthesia is the original type of sensory functioning; segregation of modalities is the limiting case. Experiment: project a motion picture film too slowly to see motion, add sound and motion seen! Visual Phi-pnenomenon interfered with when presented with irregular unrhythmical beats of sound.

Naive Realism

Dennett D. C. (1992) "Filling in" versus finding out: a ubiquitous confusion in cognitive science. In Cognition: Conceptual and Methodological Issues, Eds. H. L. Pick, Jr., P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.

O'Regan K. J., 1992 "Solving the `Real' Mysteries of Visual Perception: The World as an Outside Memory" Canadian Journal of Psychology 46 461-488.

A defense of naive realism!

Neon Color Spreading, Transparency

Bressan P. (1993) "Neon colour spreading with and without its figural prerequisites" Perception 22 353-361

Nakayama, K., Shimojo, S. and Ramachandran, V.S. (1990) Transparency: Relation to depth, subjective contours and color spreading. Perception 19: 497-513.

"Varying the disparity in the conventional Kanizsa square ... can be decisive in subjective contour formation" "A single dot in back is sufficient to trigger perceived transparency" See B2P4

Neuron Doctrine

Barlow H. B. (1972) Single Neurons and Sensation: A neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology. Perception. Perception 1, 371-394.

Barlow H. B. (1995) The Neuron Doctrine in Perception. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Shepherd G. M. (1991) Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine. Oxford England: Oxford University Press.

The Neuron Doctrine was formulated in 1891 by Wilhelm Waldeyer.

Neurophysiology

Barlow H., Blakemore C., & Pettigrew J. (1967) The Neural Mechanism of Binocular Depth Discrimination. Journal of Physiology 193 327-342.

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Kandel E. & Schwartz J. H. (Eds. 1985) Principles of Neural Science. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co.

p. 132: Electrical synapses, which correspond to gap junctions found in many other epithelial cell types in the body, interconnect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells and permit small molecules to flow between them.

Kandell E. R. & Siegelbaum S. (1985) Principles Underlying Electrical and Chemical Synaptic Transmission. In: E. Kandel & J. H. Schawartz (Eds.) Principles of Neural Science. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. 89-107.

p. 93: "Transmission across electrical synapses is very rapid. In addition, electrical synapses can cause a group of interconnected neurons to fire synchronously. These synapses are usually rather limited in function, however, and not very sensitive to the activity that has accrued beforehand. Consequently, they are thought to be used for interconnecting nerve cells that are responsible for stereotypic behavior, such as rapid saccadic eye movements."

Barlow H. B., Blakemore C., & Pettigrew J. D. (1967) The Neural Mechanism of Binocular Depth Discrimination. Journal of Physiology 193, 327-342.

Naive Physics

Scalp-recorded ERP (Event Related Potential) to attended stimuli (clicks or flashes) in series of regular stimuli with ISI of 0.6 - 3.0 sec. Found OSP in rays, turtles, without controlled attention.

Bullock T.H., Hofmann M.H., Nahm F.K., New J.G., Prechtl J.C. (1990) Event-related potentials in the retina and optic tectum of fish. J Neurophysiol 54:903-914

Bullock T.H., Hofmann M.H. (1991) Apparent expectation in interstimulus-interval-specific event related potentials to omitted stimuli in the electrosensory pathway of elasmobranchs. Soc Neurosci Abstr 17:303

Bullock, T.H., Karamürsel S., & Hofmann, M.H. (1993) Interval specific event related potentials to omitted stimuli in the electrosensory pathway in elasmobranchs: an elementary form of expectation. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 172:501-510.

Hofman & Bullock (1995) Soc. Ns. Abstr. 21:653.

Prechtl & Bullock (1994) Clin. Neurophysiol. 90: 461-471.

Abu-Mostafa Y. S. & Psaltis D. (1987) Optical Neural Computers. Scientific American 256 (3) 88-95.

Pepper D. M. (1982) Nonlinear Optical Phase Conjugation. Optical Engineering 21(2) 156-183.

Best all-around introduction to nonlinear optical phase conjugation.

Pepper D. M. (1986) Applications of Optical Phase Conjugation. Scientific American (January) 254 (1) 74-83.

Yariv A. (1971) Introduction to Optical Electronics. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Chapter 16: Phase Conjugate Optics- Theory & Practice.

Yariv A. (1984) Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and control of laser radiation.

Yariv A. (1985) Optical Electronics. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Chapter 16: Phase Conjugate Optics- Theory & Practice.

Heelan P. A. (1983) "Space Perception and the Philosophy of Science" Berkeley, University of California Press.

Merleau-Ponty M. (1978) Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Baldwin T. (1992) The Projective Theory of Sensory Content. In: T. Crane (Ed.) The Contents of Experience: Essays on Perception. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 177-195.

Smythies J. R. (1954) Analysis of Projection. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 5, 120-133.

Argument against projection theory.

Ruch (1950) In J. F. Fulton (Ed.) Textbook of Physiology, 16th Ed. Philadelphia, p. 311. Pertinent passage quoted in Smythies (1954).

Velmans M. (1990) Consciousness, Brain and the Physical World. Philosophical Psychology 3 (1) 77-99.

Psycho-Aesthetics

Gombrich E. H. (1979) The Sense of Order - A Study in the Psychology of decorative art. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.

p. 9: Delight lies somewhere between boredom and confusion.

Hertzberger B. & Epstein D. (1998) Beauty and the Brain: Biological Aspects of Aesthetics. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag.

Strachan A. L. ( ) In the Brain of the Beholder: The Neuropsychological Basis of Aesthetic Preferences.

Etcoff, N. (1999). Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty. New York: Doubleday.

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Paul G. (1989) Philosophical Theories of Beauty and Scientific Research on the Brain. Beauty and the Brain, ed. I. Rentschler (Basel, Boston, Berlin)

Bentil D. E. & Murray J. D. On the mechanical theory of biological pattern formation. Physica D 63: 161-190, 1992.

Cruywagen G.C., Maini P.K. , & Murray J. D. (1994) Travelling waves in a tissue interaction model for skin pattern formation. J. Math. Biol. 33: 193-210,

Goldbeter A. (1995) Biochemical Oscillations And Cellular Rhythms: The Molecular Bases Of Periodic And Chaotic Behaviour. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

Kirby, K, Conrad, M., & Kampfner, R. (1991) Evolutionary learning in reaction-diffusion neurons, Appl. Math. and Computation 44, 223-263.

Murray J. D. (1981)A pre-pattern formation mechanism for animal coat markings. J. Theor. Biol. 88: 161-199.

Murray J. D. (1988) Mammalian coat patterns: How the leopard gets its spots. Scientific American 258 (3), 80-87.

Murray J. D. (1989, 1990, 1993) Mathematical Biology. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Newman S. A., & Frisch H. L. (1979) "Dynamics of Skeletal Pattern Formation in Developing Chick Limb". Science, 205, 662-668

Turing A. M. (1952) "The chemical basis of morphogenesis". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. B 237, 37-72.

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Youren X, Vest C.M., & Murray J. D. (1983) Holographic interferometry used to demonstrate a theory of pattern formation in animal coats. Appl. Optics 22: 3479-3483. (Cover article)

Relaxation, Emergence

Hummel R. & Zucker S. W. (1983) On the Foundations of Relaxation Labeling Processes. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence PAMI-5, 267-287.

Kass M., Witkin A., & Terzopoulos D. (1988) SNAKES: Active Contour Models. Int. J. Computer Vision 1, 321-332.

Parent P. & Zucker S. W. (1989) Trace Inference, Curvature Consistency, and Curve Detection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence II (8) 832.

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Resonance: Neural & Perceptual

Baar E, & Bullock T.H. (1992) Induced Rhythms in the Brain. Birkhäuser, Boston

Bressler S., Coppola R., & Nakamura R. (1993) Episodic Multi-Regional Cortical Coherence at Multiple Frequencies During Visual Task Performance. Nature 366: 153-156.

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Engel A. K., König P., Gray C. M., & Singer W. (1990) Stimulus-Dependent Neuronal Oscillations in Cat Visual Cortex: Inter-columnar Interaction as Determined by Cross-Correlation Analysis. European Journal of Neuroscience 2, 588-606.

Engel A. K., König P., Kreiter A. K., & Singer W. (1991a) Interhemispheric Synchronization of Oscillatory Neuronal Responses in Cat Visual Cortex. Science 252, 1177-1179.

Engel A. K., Kreiter A. K., König P., & Singer W. (1991b) Synchronization of Oscillatory Neuronal Responses between Striate and Extrastriate Visual Cortical Areas of the Cat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88, 6048-6052.

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Geissler H.-G. (1997) "Is there a way from behavior to non-linear brain dynamics? On quantal periods in cognition and the place of alpha in brain resonances". International Journal of Psychophysiology 26, 381-393.

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Geissler H.-G. (1998) "Ultra-precise quantal timing: Evidence from simultaneity thresholds in long-range apparent movement". Submitted Perception & Psychophysics.

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Gerstner W., Ritz R., & Van Hemmen (1992) A Biologically Motivated and Analytically Soluble Model of Collective Oscillations in the Cortex. I. Theory of Weak Locking. Biological Cybernetics 68, 363-374.

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Globus G. (1973) Unexpected Symmetries in the World Knot. Science 180.

Gray C. M., König P., Engel A. K., Singer W. (1989) Oscillatory Responses in Cat Visual Cortex Exhibit Inter-Columnar Synchronization Which Reflects Global Stimulus Properties. Nature 338, 334-337.

Gray C. M., König P., Engel A. K., Singer W. (1990) Synchronization of Oscillatory Responses in Visual Cortex: A Plausible Mechanism for Scene Segmentation. In: H. HAKEN, M. STADLER (Eds.) Synergetics of Cognition. Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Hashemiyoon R. & Chapin J. (1993) "Retinally derived fast oscillations coding for global stimulus properties synchronise multiple visual system structures". Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 19 528.

Hashemiyoon R. & Chapin J. (1994) "Retinally derived fast oscillations coding for global stimulus properties synchronise multiple visual system structures". Assoc. Res. Vis. and Ophthal. Abstr. 35 1976.

Horn D. & Usher M. (1991) Parallel Activation of Memories in an Oscillatory Neural Network. Neural Computation 3, 31-43.

John E. R. (1990) Representation of Information in the Brain. In: E. R. John (Ed.) Machinery of the Mind. Boston MA: Birkhauser, 27-56.

John (1990) "The fundamental operation of brain electrical activity suggests that some form of frequency encoding may play a significant role in ... brain.

Khanna S., Ulfendahl M., & Flock Å. (1989) Modes of Cellular Vibration in the Organ of Corti. Acta Otolaryngol. Stockholm, suppl. 467, 183-188.

Khanna S., Ulfendahl M., & Flock Å. (1989) Waveforms and Spectra of Cellular Vibrations in the Organ of Corti. Acta Otolaryngol. Stockholm, suppl. 467, 189-193.

Kristofferson A. B. (1980) A Quantal Step Function in Duration Discrimination. Perception & Psychophysics 27, 300-306.

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Lashley K. S. (1942) The Problem of Cerebral Organization in Vision. Biological Symposia VII Visual Mechanisms, Lancaster: Jaques Cattell Press, 301-322.

He refers to this as "The most elementary problem of cerebral function and I have come to doubt any progress will be made toward a genuine understanding of nervous integration until the problem of equivalent neural connections, as it is more generally termed, stimulus equivalence, is solved." He presents a neural solution to the problem that is based on setting up standing waves of activity in the cortex that are unique to each pattern, and independent of position, size, etc.

"Excitation started at any point must spread from that point throughout the system, since extinction ... will only occur after the passage of the initial impulse. If the system is uniform throughout, a series of radiating waves should be produced ... With several or many points of excitation, interference patterns will be formed. ... the action should be somewhat analogous to the transmission of waves on the surface of a fluid medium... Spatially distributed impulses reaching the cortex from the retina will not reproduce the retinal pattern of excitation in the cortex, but will give rise to a different, and characteristic pattern of standing waves, reduplicated throughout the extent of the functional area."

Lee C., Park J., & Chung S. (1992) Oscillatory Discharges of the Visual Cortex in the Behaving Cats. Society for Neuroscience Abstrracts 18, 292.

Llinás R. R. (1988) The Intrisic Electrophysiological Properties of Mammalian Neurons: Insights into central nervous system function. Science 242, 1654-1664.

Llinás points out in detail how the basic biophysics of ion conductance in certain neurons endows them with oscillatory properties, which often lead to network oscillation. These neurons may act as active pacemakers or as passive resonators that respond selectively to certain frequencies.

Llinás R. R., Grace A. A., & Yaron Y. (1991) In Vitro Neurons in Mammalian Cortical Layer 4 Exhibit Intrinsic Oscillatory Activity in the 10- to 50-Hz Frequency Range. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 88,897-901.

Reverberating thalamo-cortical circuits. Llinás: "In principle, such conjunctional functional states could serve to bind the diverse components that constitute a given sensory input onto a single cognitive experience.

Meron E. (1992) Pattern Formation in Excitable Media. Phys. Rep. 218, 1-66.

Parncutl R. (1988) Revision of Terhardt's Psycho-acoustic Model of the Roots of a Musical Chord. Music Perception 6, 65-94.

Rowland V. C. & Katchalsky A. K. (1974) Dynamic Patterns of Brain Cell Assemblies. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Schneider A. (1997) "Verschmeltzung", Tonal Fusion and Consonance: Carl Stumpf Revisited. In M. Leman (Ed.Music, Gestalt, and Computing: Studies in cognitive and systematic musicology.

Active cochlear sound, known as "Kemp's Echo" Resonance in tonal perception

Shevelev I. A. (1988) Visual Recognition and the Scanning Process Based on the EEG Alpha Wave. Perception 175: 413.

Sompolinsky H., Golomb D., & Kleinfeld D., (1990) "Global processing of visual stimuli in a neural network of coupled oscillators". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7200-7204.

Steriade M. E., Deschenes M. (1984) The Thalamus as a Neuronal Oscillator. Brain Research Reviews, 8, 1-63.

Strogatz S. & Stewart I. (1993) "Coupled Oscillators and Biological Synchronization". Scientific American 269 (6) 102-109.

Stryker M. P. (1989) Is Grandmother an Oscillation? Nature 338, 297-298.

Traub R. D., Jeffereys J. G. R., & Whitlington M. A. (1999) Fast Oscillations in Cortical Circuits. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

Van Noorden L. & Moelants D. (1999) Resonance in the Perception of Musical Pulse. Journal of New Music Research 28 (1)

Weiss (1928) Erregungsresonanz und Erregungsspecifizität. Ergebnisse der Biologie, 3, 1-151. Convenient English summary in H. R. De Silva & W. D. Ellis (1934) Changing Conceptions in Physiological Psychology II, 145-159.

Weiss did transplantation work with salamanders. For example he removed the upper arm, and placed the lower arm (from the elbow down) into the shoulder socket. The hand continued to function. He offers a theory of nervous resonance to explain this extraordinary fact, according to which each muscle does not react to every efferent discharge, but only to excitation of a quite definite form characteristic for it (isochronisms).

Wright M. J. & Mumford J. (1999) Resonance and Oscillation as Metaphors for Consciousness. Proceedings of the British Psychological Society 7 (1), 10.

Resonance: Physical

Chladni F. F. (1787) Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.

Dewan E. M. (1976) Consciousness as an Emergent Causal Agent in the Context of Control System Theory. In G. Globus (Ed.) Consciousness and the Brain: A scientific and philosophical inquiry. New York: Plenum Press.

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Kudrolli A., Pier B., & Gollub J. P. (1998) Superlattice Patterns in Surface Waves. Physica D 123, 99-111.

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Lee S. H., Blake R. (1999) Visual Form Created Solely fropm Temporal Structure. Science 284: 1165-1168.

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Spatial Manifold

Anstis S., Howard I. P., & Rogers B. (1978) A Craik-O'Brien-Cornsweet Illusion for Visual Depth. Vision Research 18, 213-217.

Barlow H. B., Blakemore C., & Pettigrew J. D. (1967) The Neural Mechanism of Binocular Depth Discrimination. Journal of Physiology 193, 327-342.

Boring E. G. (1963) The Physical Dimensions of Consciousness. Dover.

Brooks A. & Stevens K. A. (1989) The Analogy Between Stereo Depth and Brightness. Perception 18 601-614.

Carman J. C. & Welch L. (1992) Three-Dimensional Illusory Contours and Surfaces. Nature 360 (10), 585-587.

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Idesawa M. 1991 "Perception of 3-D Illusory Surfaces with Binocular Viewing. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30 (4B) L751-L754.

Köhler W. & Held R. (1949) The Cortical Correlate of Pattern Vision. Science 110: 414-419.

Lehar S. (1999) Gestalt Isomorphism and the Quantification of Spatial Perception. Gestalt Theory 21 (2) 122-139.

Mitchison G. (1993) The Neural Representation of Stereoscopic Depth Contrast. Perception 22, 1415-1426.

Haber R. N., Haber L. R., Levin C. A., & Hollyfield R. (1993) Properties of Spatial Representations: Data from Sighted and Blind Subjects. Perception & Psychophysics 54 (1), 1-13.

Hubel D. & Wiesel T. (1970) Cells Sensitive to Binocular Depth in Area 18 of the Macaque Monkey Cortex. Nature 225, 41-42.

Pinker S. A. (1979) The Representation of Three-Dimensional Space in Mental Images. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University.

Pinker S. A. (1980) Mental Imagery and the Third Dimension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 354-371.

Ware C. & Kennedy J. M. 1978 "Perception of Subjective Lines, Surfaces and Volumes in 3-Dimensional Constructions". Leonardo 11 111-114.

Westheimer G. & Levi D. (1987) Depth Attraction and Repulsion of Disparate Foveal Stimuli. Vision Research 27, 1361-1368.

Attraction in depth within about 4-6 min. visual angle, and repulsion beyond that.

Attneave F. (1955) Symmetry, Information, and Memory for Patterns. American Journal of Psychology 68: 209-222.

Golubitsky M., Stewart I, Buono P.-L., & Collins J. J. (1999) Symmetry in Locomotor Central Pattern Generators and Animal Gaits. Nature 401, 693-695.

Humphrey, D. (1997). Preferences in symmetries and symmetries in drawings: asymmetries between ages and sexes. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 15, 41-60.

Palmer S. E. (1985) The Role of Symmetry in Shape Perception. Acta Psychologica 59, 67-90.

Palmer S. E. (1991) Goodness, Gestalt, Groups, and Garner: Local symmetry sub-groups as a theory of figural goodness. In G. Lockhead & J. Pomerantz (Eds.) The Perception of Structure. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 23-40.

Psotka J. (1978) Perceptual Processes That May Create Stick Figures and Balance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance 4, 101-111.

Task: place a dot on a figure "in the first place that comes to mind". Result: responses found along symmetry axes, as described by Blum (1973). Grassfire metaphor- ignite the perimeter and mark the lines along which the flame fronts meet.

"Aesthetics have ... been associated with randomness or chance by both artists and viewers. Many artists have spoken of a tension between order and chaos ... Others have spoken of producing chaos to offset order."

Waller M. (1961) Chladni Figures: A Study in Symmetry. London: G. Bell & Sons.

Weyl H. (1952) Symmetry. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

Bressler S., Coppola R., & Nakamura R. (1993) Episodic Multi-Regional Cortical Coherence at Multiple Frequencies During Visual Task Performance. Nature 366, 153-156.

Eckhorn R., Bauer R., Jordan W., Brosch M., Kruse W., Munk M., & Reitboeck J. J. (1988) Coherent Oscillations: A Mechanism of Feature Linking in the Visual Cortex? Biol. Cybern. 60, 121-130.

Gold I. (1999) Does 40-Hz Oscillation Play a Role in Visual Consciousness? Consciousness & Cognition 8, 196-195.

Kristofferson A. B. (1984) Quantal and Deterministic Timing in Human Duration Discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423, 3-15.

Calculates the "quantum" of human consciousness.

Llinás R. (1993) Coherent 40-Hz Oscillation Characterizes Dream State in Humans. Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences, 90, 2078-2081.

40-Hz rhythms brain-wide in conscious human subjects, reset by sensory activity while awake but not during sleep. Fronto-occipital phase shift with about 12-13 msec period (40 / 2) - same figure as calculated by Kristofferson (1984) to be the "quantum" of consciousness. Scanning carried out by phase-shifted rostrocaudal waves, as suggested by Walter (1950).

Nicolelis M., Baccala L., Lin R., & Chapin J. (1995) "Sensorimotor encoding by synchronous neural ensemble activity at multiple levels of the somatosensory system". Science 268, 1353-1358.

Revonsuo A. (1999) Binding and the Phenomenal Unity of Consciousness. Consciousness & Cognition 8, 173-185.

Singer W. (1989) Search for Coherence: A basic principle of cortical self-organization. Concepts Neurosci 1, 1-25.

Singer W. (1993) Synchronization of Cortical Activity and its Putative Role in Information Processing and Learning. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55, 349-374.

Singer W. (1994) The Putative Role of Synchrony in Cortical Processing. In: N. Elsner & H. Breer (Eds.) Sensory Transduction (Otto Creutzfeldt Lecture) Stuttgart: Thieme, 119-144.

Singer W. (1999) Neuronal Synchrony: A versatile code for the definition of relations? Neuron 24, 49-65.

Singer W., Artopla A., Engel A. K., Koenig P., Kreiter A. K., Lowel S., & Schillen T. B. (1993) Neuronal Representations and Temporal Codes. In: T. A. Poggio & D. A. Glaser (Eds.) Exploring Brain Functions: Models in Neuroscience. Chichester England: Wiley, 179-194.

Singer W. & Gray C. M. (1995) Visual Feature Integration and the Temporal Correlation Hypothesis. Annual Reviews in Neuroscience 18, 555-586.

The temporal correlation hypothesis paper to address the binding problem.

Tallon-Baudry C. & Bertrand O. (1999) Oscillatory Gamma Activity in Humans and its Role in Object Representation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (4), 151-162.

von der Malsburg C. (1983) How Are Nervous Systems Organized? In: Basar E., Flohr H., Haken H., & Mandell A. J. (Eds.) Synergetics of the Brain. Berlin: Springer.

Walter W. G. (1950) Features in the Electrophysiology of Mental Mechanisms. In D. Richter (Ed.) Perspectives in Neuropsychiatry. London: H. K. Lewis, p. 77.

Suggested that intrinsic brain rhythms act as a raster-like scannine device. Stroboscopic patterns due to this pattern.

Time-Reversed Mirrors

Fink M. (1993) Time-Reversed Mirrors. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26 1333-1350. 23

Fink M. (1996) Time Reversal in Acoustics. Contemporary Physics 37 (2) 95-109.

Fink M. (1997) Time Reversed Acoustics. Physics Today, 20, March, 34-40.

Visual Illusions & Perceptual Grouping

Banton T. & Levi D. M. (1992) The Perceived Strength of Illusory Contours. Perception & Psychophysics 52, 676-684.

Coren S. (1978) Seeing is Deceiving: The psychology of visual illusions. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.

Coren S. (1972) Subjective Contours and Apparent Depth. Psychological Review 79 (4), 359-367.

"subjective contours are associated with apparent surfaces ... in depth ... Since every plane must have an edge, the bounding contour is supplied by the perceptual system... Thus, a subjective contour is simply the edge of a subjective plane, and a subjective plane is a surface which ought to be present on the basis of available depth cues." See B2P16.

Coren, S., Porac C., & Theodor L. H. (1986) The Effects of Perceptual Set on the Shape and Apparant Depth of Subjective Contours. Perception and Psychophysics, 39, (5), 327-333.

Glass L. & Perez R. (1971) Perception of Random Dot Interference Patterns. Nature 246, 360.

Ginsberg A. P. (1984) Visual Form Perception Based on Biological Filtering. In: L. Spillman & B. R. Wooten (Eds.) Sensory Experience, Adaptation, and Perception. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.

Bullshit!

Held R. (1974) Image, Object, and Illusion; Readings from Scientific American. San Francisco CA: W. H. Freeman.

Horridge G. A., Zhang S. W., & O'Carroll D. (1992) Insect Perception of Illusory Contours. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 337, 59.

Kanizsa G. (1974) Contour Without Gradients or Cognitive Contours: Ital. Jour. Psych. 1, 93-113.

Kanizsa G. (1976) Subjective Contours. Scientific American 234, 48-52.

Kellman, P. J. & Shipley, T. F. (1991) A Theory of Visual Interpolation in Object Perception. Cognitive Psychology, 23, 141-221 .

Kennedy J. M. (1978) Illusory Contours and the Ends of Lines. Perception 7, 605-607.

Kennedy J. M. (1987) Lo, Perception Abhors Not a Contradiction. In: S. Petry & G. Meyer (Eds.) The Perception of Illusory Contours. New York: Springer, 40-49.

Subjective contours are apparently unreal. The apparent reality is not proportional to contour strength. Apparent reality is a function of "height of processing" in the visual system.

Kojo I., Lünasuo M., & Rovamo T. (1993) Spatial and Temporal Properties of Illusory Figures. Vision Research 33 (7) 897-901.

The time it takes for a Kanizsa figure to be seen is a function of its "support ratio", i.e. the length of the non-illusory inducing edge relative to the gap spanned by the illusory contour.

Kubovy M. (????) The Perceptual Organization of Dot Lattices. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1 (2) 182-190.

Kubovy M & Wagemans J. (1995) Grouping by Proximity and Multistability in Dot Lattices: A Quantitative Gestalt Theory. Psychological Science 6 (4), 225-234.

Lesher G. W. (1995) Illusory Contours: Toward a Neurally Based Perception Theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2 (3) 279-321.

Marroqum, J. L. (1976) Human Visual Perception of Structure. Masters Thesis, MIT Dept. of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science.

Petry S. & Meyer G. (1987) The Perception of Illusory Contours. New York: Springer.

Purghe,F.& Coren,S. (1992) Amodal Completion, Depth Stratification, and Illusory Figures: A test of Kanizsa's explanation. Perception 21, 325-335.

Ramachandran V. S. & Cavanagh P. (1985) Subjective Contours Capture Stereopsis. Nature 317, 527-530.

Ramachandran V. S. (1986) Capture of Stereopsis by Illusory Contour; Reply to Prazdny. Nature 344, 393-394.

Redies C. & Spillmann L. (1981) The Neon Color Effect in the Ehrenstein Illusion. Perception 10, 667-681.

Rock I. & Brosgole L. (1964) Grouping Based on Phenomenal Proximity. Journal of Experimental Psychology 67, 531-538.

Grouping by proximity judged relative to distial stimulus (actual arrangement in 3-D space) rather than to proximal stimulus (arrangement on retinal projection).

Rock I. & Anson R. (1979) Illusory Contours as the Solution to a Problem. Perception 8, 665-681.

Shipley T. F. & Kellman P. J. (1992) Strength of Visual Interpolation Depends on the Ratio of Physically Specified to Total Edge Length. Perception & Psychophysics 52 (1) 97-106.

Spillmann L. (1994) The Hermann Grid Illusion: A tool for studying human perceptive field organization. Perception 23, 691-708.

Spillmann L., Fuld K., & Neumeyer C. (1984) Brightness Matching, Brightness Cancellation, and Incremental Threshold in the Ehrenstein Illusion. Perception 13, 513-520.

Ehrenstein circle can be cancelled by a reversed contrast circle.

Spillmann L. & Werner J. S. (1990) Visual Perception: The neurophysiological foundatiuons. San Diego CA: Academic Press.

Zucker S. W., Stevens K. A., & Sander P. (1983) The Relation Between Proximity and Brightness Similarity in Dot Patterns. Perception & Psychophysics 34 (6) 513-522.

World-In-Your-Head

Charlesworth M. (1979) Sense-Impressions: A new model. Mind 88, 24-44.

"Television provides an appropriate model for visual perception. Television is not just an analogy for the mechanism of human perception: rather, the latter are televisual mechanisms, just as the heart is a pump, and the elbow is a lever."

Harrison S. (1989) A New Visualization on the Mind-Brain Problem: Naive realism transcended. In J. Smythies & J. Beloff (Eds.) The Case for Dualism. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.

The "existential vertigo" induced by attempts to relate consciousness to its brain.

Heelan P. A. (1983) Space Perception and the Philosophy of Science. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

Hoffman, Donald David (1998) Visual Intelligence: How we create what we see. New York: W. W. Norton.

Kant I. (1781 / 1991) Critique of Pure Reason. Vasilis Politis (Ed.) London: Dent.

O'Regan K. J., 1992 "Solving the `Real' Mysteries of Visual Perception: The World as an Outside Memory" Canadian Journal of Psychology 46 461-488.

A defense of naive realism!

Smythies J. R. (1989) The Mind-Brain Problem. In: J. R. Smythies & J. Beloff (Eds) The Case For Dualism. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.

Smythies J. R. (1994) The Walls of Plato's Cave: The science and philosophy brain, consciousness, and perception. Altershot: Avebury.

Schilder P. (1942) Mind, Perception and Thought in their Constructive Aspects. New York: Columbia University Press pp 21, 181, & 355.

Sensations are spatial entities with spatial properties.